kangaroo rat urine concentrationkangaroo rat urine concentration
Offspring remain in the mound for 1-6 more months in the maternal caches.[17]. [16], Desert kangaroo rats function under a high risk of predation for a variety of reasons. Am J Physiol 287:F816F839, Layton AT, Pannabecker TL, Dantzler WH, Layton HE (2010) Functional implications of the three-dimensional architecture of the rat renal inner medulla. The rats also footdrum, The processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion and concentration that convert blood to urine in the kidney tubule. The long nasal cavities reduce this water loss by cooling the air leaving the lungs. Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance. Int J Mol Sci 17:1105, Zhao H, Wiederkehr MR, Fan L, Collazo RL, Crowder LA, Moe OW (1999) Acute inhibition of Na/H exchanger NHE-3 by cAMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:1166311667, Nielsen S, Frokiaer J, Marples D, Kwon T-H, Agre P, Knepper MA (2002) Aquaporins in the kidney: from molecules to medicine. Google Scholar, Lim S-W, Han K-H, Jung J-Y, Kim W-Y, Yang C-W, Sands JM, Knepper MA, Madsen KM, Kim J (2006) Ultrastructural localization of UT-A and UT-B in rat kidneys with different hydration status. Humans drink a lot of water, and also gain moisture To remove waste without losing water, many species have developed mechanisms to concentrate their urine. When the body is dehydrated, the fluid in the lumen of nephrons is "concentrated" by profuse diffusion (or reabsorption) of water across the wall of the nephron to the body and retention of salts and metabolic byproducts in a minimal volume of water within the tubule lumen, which is subsequently excreted as urine. Am J Physiol 314:C99C117, Chou CL, Knepper MA (1992) In vitro perfusion of chinchilla thin limb segments: segmentation and osmotic water permeability. Small mammals such as rodents and bats tend to have relatively thicker medullas than larger mammals, which can be correlated with their production of concentrated urine (Figure 31). Their eyes are very large, while their ears are incredibly small. Inspired air draws heat and water from the walls of the respiratory tract (i) and gives both back again at exhalation (ii). Bozinovic et al. Am J Physiol 307:F263F272, Gamble JL, McKhann CF, Butler AM, Tuthill E (1934) An economy of water in renal function referable to urea. [3] They have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite, creosote bush, purslane, ocotillo, and grama grass in their cheek pouches. California kangaroo rat (D. californicus) - native to California, the animals habitat is changing from grasslands to desert after years of drought. Am J Physiol 311:F935F944, Olesen ETB, Rutzler MR, Moeller HB, Praetorius HA, Fenton RA (2011) Vasopressin-independent targeting of aquaporin-2 by selective E-prostanoid receptor agonists alleviates nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. [2] It is one of the large kangaroo rats, with a total length greater than 12 inches (300mm) and a mass greater than 3.2 ounces (91g). Am J Physiol 302:F830F839, Layton AT, Layton HE (2011) Countercurrent multiplication may not explain the axial osmolality gradient in the outer medulla of the rat kidney. This will increase the osmolarity in the medulla. [16] The desert kangaroo rat also uses its hind limbs to kick away attacking snakes in order to avoid being injected with venom.[18]. Kangaroo rats have the ability to produce urine that is more concentrated than the maximum concentrated urine of common laboratory rats (6000 H 2 O vs. 3000 mOsmol kg 1 H 2 O; Beuchat 1996). As the epithelial cell membranes are impermeable to water, the tubular fluid is hypo-osmotic by the time it reaches the cortical collecting duct. (Figure 39 in Section 3.4 shows the feedback control of secretion of ADH, which results in the regulation of body fluid volume.). Am J Physiol 309:F916F924, Nawata CM, Evans KK, Dantzler WH, Pannabecker TL (2014) Transepithelial water and urea permeabilities of isolated perfused Munich-Wistar rat inner medullary thin limbs of Henles loop. Nawata, C.M., Pannabecker, T.L. Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls. 2015 Grantome : The present studies with the kangaroo rat inner medulla provide a framework for understanding the extent to which uid and solutes are distributed and exchanged among medullary compartments by way of vascular pathways in species capable of producing highly concentrated urine. Am J Physiol 304:F308F316, Wu Q, Moeller HB, Stevens DA, Sanchez-Hodge R, Childers G, Kortenoeven MLA, Cheng L, Rosenbaek LL, Rubel C, Patterson C, Pisitkun T, Schisler JC, Fenton RA (2018) CHIP regulates aquaporin-2 quality control and body water homeostasis. (Much the same relationship applies in many small mammals.) selection could then have concentrated the genes for long length, resulting in rapid C. Michele Nawata. Kidney Int 91:338351, Jung HJ, Kwon T-H (2016) Molecular mechanisms regulating aquaporin-2 in kidney collecting duct. Cooling air releases moisture for reabsorption to the body so its loss can be avoided in a situation where water is a precious resource. D. microps can survive on these leaves in the laboratory without other food or water, but it is unusual among kangaroo rats in that it quickly succumbs when placed on a diet of air-dried seeds without water or succulent plant material. Start this free course now. Am J Physiol 314:F190-195, Soodvilai S, Jia Z, Fongsupa S, Chatsudthipong V, Yang T (2012) Liver X receptor agonists decrease ENaC-mediated sodium transport in collecting duct cells. A . The kangaroo rat has efficient kidneys that excrete a high uric acid concentration which allows them to use much less water to excrete wastes (Figure 4). Dipodomys gravipes Most mammalian kidneys contain a mixture of the two types but some species have only one or the other, Figure 30 Schematic view of part of a mammalian nephron showing the proximal convoluted tubule, the limbs of the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:19801986, Bai JJ, Tan CD, Chow BKC (2017) Secretin, at the hub of water-salt homeostasis. feet.10. The burrows have separate chambers used for specific purposes like sleeping, living, and food storage. Study with us and youll be joining over 2 million students whove achieved their career and personal goals with The Open University. New Mexico Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, New Mexico State University. Am J Physiol 268:F1023F1037, Nielsen S, Terris J, Smith CP, Hediger MA, Ecelbarger CA, Knepper MA (1996) Cellular and subcellular localization of the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter in rat kidney. [11] Merriam's kangaroo rats obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all. This causes water vapour picked up from the lungs to condense on The nephrons (kidney tubules) and blood vessels of the mammalian kidney are assembled into elaborate tubular networks. Am J Physiol 271:R157R179, Blount MA, Cipriani P, Redd SK, Ordas RJ, Black LN, Gumina DL, Hoban CA, Klein JD, Sands JM (2015) Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the UT-A1 urea transporter at serine 494 in the inner medullary collecting duct. The kidney thereby retains as much water as possible, minimising loss of water during water shortage. Our research focuses on a biological process in the kidney known as the "urine concentrating mechanism". Am J Pathol 182:96106, Rollhauser H, Kriz W, Heinke W (1964) Das gefass-system der rattenniere. 2 The Loop of Henle The specialized kidney structure known as the Loop of Henle is much longer than in humans and most other creatures. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:135146, Perucca J, Bouby N, Valeix P, Bankir L (2007) Sex difference in urine concentration across differing ages, sodium intake, and level of kidney disease. concentration of urea (leads to more urea in , filtrate / urine) ; 6 high concentration of , amino acids / urea , in blood increases water absorption from urine ; . J Biol Chem 291:2206322073, Cano-Penalver JL, Griera M, Serrano I, Rodrguez-Puyol D, Dedhar S, de Frutos S, Rodrguez-Puyol M (2014) Integrin-linked kinase regulates tubular aquaporin-2 content and intracellular location: a link between the extracellular matrix and water reabsorption. Am J Physiol 240:F536F544, Geering, K (2006) FXYD proteins: new regulators of NaKATPase. Pflugers Arch 402:385392, Ishibashi K, Sasaki S, Fushimi K, Uchida S, Kuwahara M, Saito H, Furukawa T, Nakajima K, Yamaguchi Y, Gojobori T, Marumo F (1994) Molecular cloning and expression of a member of the aquaporin family with permeability to glycerol and urea in addition to water expressed at the basolateral membrane of kidney collecting duct cells. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats. Inserts show diagrammatic cross-sections for three kidneys (not to scale). Urine osmolality is correspondingly low at 1123mOsmolkg1. Opin Nephrol Hypertens 25:444451, Klein JD, Wang Y, Blount MA, Molina PA, LaRocque LM, Ruiz JA, Sands JM (2016a) Metformin, an AMPK activator, stimulates the phosphorylation of aquaporin 2 and urea transporter A1 in inner medullary collecting ducts. J Physiol Pharmacol 67:185193, Michel CC, Curry FE (1999) Microvascular permeability. J Am Soc Nephrol 27:30223034, Wang J, Wang XH, Wang H, Chen L, Klein JD, Sands JM (2016b) Urea transporter B and microRNA-200c differ in kidney outer versus inner medulla following dehydration. This reduces the urine flow. PubMed Tohoku J Exp Med 239:185192, Terris J, Ecelbarger CA, Marples D, Knepper MA, Nielsen S (1995) Distribution of aquaporin-4 water channel expression within rat kidney. Am J Physiol 309:C608C615, Blount MA, Klein JD, Martin CF, Tchapyjnikov D, Sands JM (2007) Forskolin stimulates phosphorylation and membrane accumulation of UT-A3. This is because the nasal passages (turbinates) of kangaroo rats are extremely narrow and convoluted and provide a temporal counter-current cooling system, which operates as a heat exchanger (Figure 27). they hop on their back legs, the whiskers keep in contact with the desert surface, The figures represent approximate temperatures varying from those in the deep body tissues (40C) to those near the surface. Am J Physiol 265:F863F874, Christensen EI, Grann B, Kristoffersen IB, Skriver E, Thomsen JS, Andreasen A (2014) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat nephron. Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp. The blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is high, and it is maintained by the pumping of the heart and the mechanical properties of the blood vessels. In this study, the kangaroo rat and the Munich-Wistar rat are ideal models for comparison since the kangaroo rat efficiently concentrates its urine to twice as great as the Munich-Wistar rat. The relative thickness of the medulla is related to urine-concentrating ability because the medulla contains the loops of Henle. Nature 365:844847, Yuan J, Pannabecker TL (2010) Architecture of inner medullary descending and ascending vasa recta: pathways for countercurrent exchange. Smith, E. Norbert, Ph.D., Kangaroo rats; multiple Am J Physiol 274:C549C554, Chou CL, Nielsen S, Knepper MA (1993) Structural-functional correlation in chinchilla long loop of Henle thin limbs: a novel papillary subsegment. Their bodies have developed amazing adaptations that reduce the amount of water needed and the amount of water that is lost. Kidney Int 6:193208, Sever R, Glass CK (2013) Signaling by nuclear receptors. Evaporation through the skin is the major route of loss. Figure 30 shows that the hairpin-like loop of Henle lies between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule. In the short interval between inhalation and exhalation, the thermal gradient between nose and trachea is maintained. Fish, on the other hand, have more than enough water, and their descending Loops are short since water conservation isn't really a top priority. In the ascending limb, sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed into the medullary interstitial tissues, passively in the lower part of the limb and actively by means of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the thick upper part of the ascending limb. Kidney Int 31:590596, Gunaratne R, Braucht DWW, Rinschen MM, Chou CL, Hoffert JD, Pisitkun T, Knepper MA (2010) Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals cAMP/vasopressin-dependent signaling pathways in native renal thick ascending limb cells. Am J Physiol 302:R720R726, Wade JB, Lee AJ, Liu J, Ecelbarger CA, Mitchell C, Bradford AD, Terris J, Kim G-H, Knepper MA (2000) UT-A2: a 55 kDa urea transporter in thin descending limb whose abundance is regulated by vasopressin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:43284331, Fry BC, Edwards A, Sgouralis I, Layton AT (2014) Impact of renal medullary three-dimensional architecture on oxygen transport. Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why youll want a trusted University. To remove waste without losing water, many species have developed mechanisms to concentrate their urine. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:230237, Kim G-H, Ecelbarger CA, Mitchell C, Packer RK, Wade JB, Knepper MA (1999) Vasopressin increases Na-K-2Cl cotransporter expression in thick ascending limb of Henles loop. Google Scholar, Amemiya M, Loffing J, Lotscher M, Kaissling B, Alpern RJ, Moe OW (1995) Expression of NHE-3 in the apical membrane of rat renal proximal tubule and thick ascending limb. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:29372944, Zhai X-Y, Thomsen JS, Birn H, Kristoffersen IB, Andreasen A, Christensen EI (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the mouse nephron. Kangaroo rats have long tails and larger hind feet with only four toes. In contrast, banner-tailed kangaroo rats have more specific habitat requirements for desert grasslands with scattered shrubs; this species is also more threatened because of the decline in these grasslands. A longer loop of Henle can generate a larger concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a more concentrated urine. Kangaroo rats are mostly seed eaters, eating mostly mesquite beans and grass seeds. Am J Physiol 109:139154, Garg LC, Knepper MA, Burg MB (1981) Mineralocorticoid effects on Na-K-ATPase in individual nephron segments. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200300ft and rarely 600ft.[3] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. While the desert kangaroo rats do consume available water,[8] the vast majority of their water requirements are met from byproducts of metabolic processes. volume188,pages 899918 (2018)Cite this article. The water permeability of the PCT is high because of the abundance of special membrane channel proteins, aquaporins, in the cell membrane. As an aside, we found that the water channel aquaporin 1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in some nephrons of the kangaroo rat, and this itself could increase the rate of water diffusion compared to that of the laboratory rat. ( 2018 ) reported that outer medullary Na + -K + -ATPase is higher at the activity, protein, and mRNA levels in the kangaroo rat than in . You can see a gradient of osmolarity from 300mOsmoll1 in the cortex to 1200mOsmoll1 in the inner medulla. burrows by day, foraging by night for seeds, leaves and other vegetation, and carrying Both inspired and expired air pass over the same surface, the nasal mucosa. [3] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly. days in the desert without water? In contrast, in the summer the rate of water intake is relatively low at 10.3 ml day1 and the degus produce a more concentrated urine, with an osmolality at 3137mOsmolkg1. However, the temperature of the exhaled air in kangaroo rats is lower than that of T b, and often close to T a (Figure 26). [10] To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air. Int J Mol Sci 18:2539, PubMed Central temperature than their core body temperature. the Australian hopping mouse Notomys, conserve water by producing extremely hyperosmotic urine, on average 5500mOsmoll1 in Dipodomys and 9000mOsmoll1 in Notomys. Though this is an incredibly dangerous activity for a small rodent, it does these things to let the snake know it is alert to its presence.
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