12 volt battery low voltage cut off12 volt battery low voltage cut off
How can I make inferences about individuals from aggregated data? In the event of an extended power outage, the ELK-965 sensing circuit automatically disconnects the battery when the voltage falls below 10 Volts DC. In the event of damage or recharging, any reading below 12.45 volts is deemed low battery voltage, and the battery must be replaced. Removing a voltage cut-off is extremely foolish, because you should NEVER use a battery under voltage if you want the battery to last. New external SSD acting up, no eject option, Review invitation of an article that overly cites me and the journal, Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. A voltage larger than ELV but less than 1000V (AC RMS) or 1500V is referred to as low voltage (LV) (ripple-free DC). A voltmeter is the ideal tool for checking low and excessive voltage in a car battery. Deep cycle batteries are not supposed to be stored in a low state of charge, and if they are, sulphation will occur on the battery plates, reducing the batterys performance and cycle life. A low battery voltage causes the fuel pump to operate at a slower rate than usual, which is undesirable since it might cause the car to start hard and misfire. How To Hit A Cart Without A Battery? Can I Put A Marine Battery In My Truck? How To Connect Two 12-Volt Batteries To Make 12 Volts? TESVOLT made it onto the final list of the 300 best companies in the country. Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange! We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. The below image shows the placement of all 16 modules. A completely charged battery will have a voltage of 2.12 to 2.15 volts per cell, or 12.7 volts in the case of a 12 volt battery. During severely cold temperatures, a car owner may discover his or her car battery is at low voltage since many batteries may not have enough current to even start the engine, while others may start and then die. Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. A battery may have 12 volts and yet be defective. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? The BMS is integrated into every module and monitors the battery life, temperature, and charge-discharge cycle of cells. So, how low do we want to go? This results in needing excessive power to re-engage a cell that is left at 0V. Now adding that a battery with 0V across it has no chemical initiative any more, of any chemistry type, you will need to motivate it re-create the chemical imbalance that causes the apparent voltage and potential for current to flow. The new products are optimised for the needs of commercial enterprises from small bakeries to large manufacturing companies and allow for exceptionally high levels of safety and durability. The information disclosed by Tesla and details available over the internet made it difficult to verify the information. 50 volts (V) or less is considered low voltage. A major factor to consider with multi-cell batteries is that damage caused by under-voltage will be concentrated on the weakest cell, but the performance of that weakest cell will be generally the limiting factor with regard to the performance of the pack as a whole. @VladimirCravero The line end of 0.05C is probably 20.5 hours or so the graph end is more likely to be 32~33-ish. Low voltage on a car indicates that the alternator is not putting out enough voltage, which might result in insufficient current to charge the battery. Where And When To Use? Your point can be very easily made differently. What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? Each module has a 6S 74P configuration, i.e. The internal members are used for making a grid for module placement but they also increase the strength and physical stiffness of the base while also isolating modules from each other in case of fires. What causes uneven evaporation of lead acid battery electrolyte? The IEC 60038 standard, on the other hand, explicitly defines the limits: low voltage is up to 1000 V, medium voltage is 1000 V to 35 kV, and high voltage is more than 35 kV. The image below shows a single 18650 cell used in Model-S. MathJax reference. For Eg. Can A Bad Battery Cause Slow Acceleration? Now, if you go near 9V, it will become 0V very quickly. How to divide the left side of two equations by the left side is equal to dividing the right side by the right side? The cell voltage measurement is performed using wires welded to the connecting plates of the parallel connections. Maximize your training investment with our private, customized round tables and workshops. A car battery typically has a four to five-year lifespan, and one should check the lifespan of his or her battery to keep track of how much voltage the battery will maintain. When a batterys voltage drops below a certain level, its time to think about replacing it or recharging it. Our storage systems reliability, economic efficiency and safety impress clients in more than 4,000 projects across the globe. I use one to shut of a 12 volt refrigerator when the power gets low . This is exactly for that reason. People also ask, What is the lowest voltage for a deep cycle battery? The log plot with minutes/hours looks awesome. Copyright 2022Circuit Digest. Can I run a hairdryer from a 2000W pure-sine inverter connected to my starter battery, if my engine is running? As a side note: Military vehicles get their batteries changed way more often than Joe Public's car battery for exactly the same reason - when you're being shot at on a wintry day you need to be able to crank your troop carrier into life 1st time guaranteed, not take a few tries with a bit of a rest in between. At 11V you are at effectively 93%. To verify the batteries ability to keep a charge, a car owner should consider employing a convectional load tester. Changing the battery. Anything exceeding 1000 volts is considered high voltage by some. I. The heated ashes should help to charge the battery. The image in the bottom published by AVL shows the temperature at different areas in a battery module after a high completion of a high-intensity test. You are leaving the UL Solutions website for an external site. Theres a liquid cooling integrated in order to maintain the temperature of the battery pack. In cases where a multi-cell battery pack is used for purposes of storage capacity rather than current-handling ability, I would suspect that a battery pack with electronics to draw more current from stronger batteries could yield better lifetime behavior than one which simply wires cells in series, but I'm unaware of such designs being commonplace. -- https://www.solar-electric.com/deep-cycle-battery-faq.html. And because they are usually over dimensioned by a factor of 2 to 5, depending on the type and brand of a car, so a crippled one will work for a couple more years. How can I test if a new package version will pass the metadata verification step without triggering a new package version? Guess that excess voltage was needed to "break" bad salts in electrodes. How small stars help with planet formation. What screws can be used with Aluminum windows? What you want to implement is called deep discharge protection for battery. battery protector is an electronic cut off switch. If a battery is discharged to 50% every day, it will last about twice as long as if it is cycled to 80% DOD[1]. here are two good sources: "Battery life is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time. 12v battery protector. They all have quite distinct characteristics in the fine detail. It contains 16 modules, which are 7104, 18650 cells. This question is not a 10-page wikipedia article where in-page links help or make sense. How To Reset Honda Civic After Battery Change Full Guide. Installers, dealers, project developers discover the many benefits of being a TESVOLT partner and lets drive forward the switch to sustainable energy together. Take care not to set it too high as the voltage at the compressor will often drop at startup when it needs the most current. Learn Every Details. Semicon Media is a unique collection of online media, focused purely on the Electronics Community across the globe. Taking out and charging the battery Alternator replacement. Eventualy reached a point where could have 400mA with corredct charging voltage (8.5 V) and always monitoring electrolite in cells. The test was initiated with an initial temperature of 20C, and a 250 Amp charge and discharge cycles were performed. The battery pack has a central bus bar that connects each battery module with a contactor thatfeeds both the front and rear electric motors. [Simplified]. There are various techniques to repair a vehicle batterys low voltage, including:Jumpstarting the battery. Our Regulatory and Compliance Essentials e-learning suite includes training in hazard-based safety engineering, global market access, code compliance, conformity assessment and more. Just charge the pack at like 100mah untill the voltage comes up to like 15v so the charger can recognize the battery. 12-volt batteries have a restricted range of useable energy, ranging from over 14 volts (when completely charged and unrested) to 10.5 volts when used or under load (when lights dim, pumps groan and TV pictures get small ). If you don't have a Danfoss compressor there will probably be another way to set the cut-out voltage. As a general rule, dont fall below 50%, and for optimal battery life on a 12V battery, dont go below 70%. If they will not accept that 100's of manufacturers, countless experts in the field and users alike say "at 11.8V you're not going to get much more out of it and it'll be risky to try", then just convince them with the fact that at 11V there won't be much to get any more anyway. With SLA a lot of energy goes in chemical recombination of Sulphates and Sulphites, wasting a lot of energy. TESVOLT invests around EUR 60 million in new Gigafactory in Lutherstadt Wittenberg, View delivery times at any time in the Partner Portal under "Current Information". Buy 12V Battery Low Voltage Cut Off Switch On Protection Undervoltage Controller . Our storage systems for increased energy and efficiency. From webinars to certification and sales training, our Academy offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Make sure it doesnt catch fire by being vigilant. A good way to do this is by measuring both voltage of battery terminals and current. The best thing to do in this case, would be to contact the manufacturer of the battery. When completely charged, a standard 12-volt vehicle battery will have roughly 12.6 volts. The battery will power a micro-controller and also a number of solenoids that may draw up to 10 amps. Safety, reliability and efficiency without compromise. Higher voltage levels cause the battery to gas and boil out electrolyte, reducing battery life. Many compressors for 12V (mobile use) already have a built-in cut-out voltage. Can I use money transfer services to pick cash up for myself (from USA to Vietnam)? The design of an EV battery system requires knowledge and specialization of electrical, mechanical, and thermal engineering apart from material science and other domains. 3 WAY SWITCH SETTINGS. If you have any extra information kindly feel free to post it so that we can update it. Knuckle-draggers who say "Oh these things are bullet-proof", or "I ran this b**ch down to 2.5V and it still works fine!" I have experience with well over ten thousand batteries. The red encircled area in the above picture of BMS shows that the BMS contains 6 monitoring ICs for each series connection in the module. I have this chart for my setup - AIUI the factory default is a battery-trashing 10.4v and the best you can do is merely 'damaging' at 11.3v? No real point in pushing it farther (and risking point 2), given that you only get a few % extra current out of it. Verified Purchase. The red circle in the below image shows how cells are connected using wire bonding. By proper choice of R1 and R2, this circuit will work well for shut-off voltages in the range of about 4.5 to 10 V . Signs And Solutions. Excellent answer from Asmyldof. TESVOLT and Neo Energy Group together at Energetab in Poland. Both are very destructive. If that's done a few times, the weak cell may become even weaker, such that its voltage drops to nothing while the other cells are still at 1.8. TESVOLT, has been named Innovator of the Year in the TOP 100 competition for the second time. Types of cells used in different Tesla cars are given in the table below: To learn more about the effect of the size of the cell andits specification, we have previouslycompared18650 and32650 cell. Just 2% of the population are highly satisfied with progress in the shift away from fossil fuels; 16% are satisfied. 2,500 start-ups from Germany were assessed for the study. As a consequence, a deep cycle battery should not be trickle charged. Thats what you can depend on at all times from our innovative and sustainable energy storage systems. Our durable, modular storage systems meet the highest standards. You can "get away with" all sorts on a car battery because you are not ever likely to reach its limits - typically they last for years, maybe if you discharge it to 2v you'll get away with it and it'll keep on starting your car under normal conditions for another 5 years, but that does not mean you didn't shorten its life by a year, or that if you drove to Alaska in winter it would still work, or that if you discharged it to 2v a few more times it wouldn't curl up and die. For the Danfoss BD35 or BD50 compressors (which are very popular 12V compressor for use on boats and RVs), you can find the instructions on setting the cut-out voltage here. InPower LVD20-200-SPC444 Low Voltage Disconnect Switch Category: Low Voltage Disconnects Manufacturer: Inpower Current Rating: 200A Shut-Off Voltage: <11.5 VDC Shut-Off Time Period: 60 Seconds Review invitation of an article that overly cites me and the journal. TESVOLT AG, one of the technology leaders for energy storage in the commercial and industrial sectors, is planning to build a new Gigafactory at its headquarters in Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany. Low battery voltage in cars frequently results in the batterys ultimate failure. Your automobile batterys voltage is likely to be low as it becomes older. To reconnect the device, the LVD needs to sense 13 Volts to ensure that the battery has accepted charge before the load is reconnected. Voltage: 12 Volt: Capacity: 3300 mAh: Type: NiMH: Length: 5.46" Width: 2.87" Height: 2.80" Shipping Weight: 1.89Lbs: Warranty: The most practical number to use is 50% DOD on a regular basis." The coolant used in a Teslas battery pack is a solution of Water and glycol. Done. 12 V, 7 Ah SLA battery reads 0 (zero) volts. A car owner should check his or her battery using a digital voltmeter to see if it is drained, or if it is at its low battery level. The voltage indication of 11.9 shows that the battery is completely depleted. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Can Airbag Go Off With Battery Disconnected? If you want it exactly you can use a ruler and maths of course. Hello friends, today in this video i have shown how to make battery low voltage indicator circuit using Tl431. The aim is for the carbon-neutral facility to ultimately reach a production capacity of up to four gigawatt hours per year. All of the electrical accessories in your car are powered by the car battery, and if youre having trouble with them, its because the voltage is too low to power them up. I would have tested the battery to the limit, but am not sure of the low voltage cutoff capabilities of the battery and did not want to do any damage. Many manufacturers tell us "Consider your battery empty at 11.8V", some people (me included) assume 11V. Reduced voltage also results in low fuel pressure. The left image shows the Teslas Model S battery module, while the right image shows how the battery is connected in a 6S 74P configuration. Your 12V batteries have a state of charge; when they are fully charged, they are at 100%, and when they are entirely discharged, they are at 0%. The testing might also be done using an electronic battery tester. It only takes a minute to sign up. People who say that the battery can handle it are really saying that their battery is a better quality battery than usual. For decades, UL Solutions' expert engineers and advisers have been helping manufacturers fulfill safety requirements and boost confidence and innovation in batteries. Batteries. Cells do come in different sizes and shapes and have different internal chemistry. If the battery holds under load for a few seconds and then begins to slowly decline in voltage, this indicates an issue with the battery. If/when the battery starts to draw some current you have plenty of time before it is fully charged. Protecting a battery charger from reverse polarity. Due to the decreased discharge rate of deep cycle batteries, trickle charging would be essentially useless, and its function in maintaining the battery charge level may become obsolete. It is a stackable Battery Monitoring System and uses a High-Speed Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for Data Communications. $32.95 Replaces. From the above image, it is clear that a low-temperature deviation was found between different modules. While the voltage dropped this does not mean the battery was fully discharged and would cause a false alarm/activation of your relay. Then take the battery off the vehicle and lay it on the hot ash, removing the filler/vent covers from the top. (2) The lead-acid battery industry is very competitive. 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Select a location to see product availability. . Full line power, often known as high voltage, is expensive when utilized for outdoor lighting. Access UL certification data on products, components and systems, identify alternatives and view guide information with Product iQ. I'm just dying to know if the last line is 24 hours or what. The low voltage supply to the automobile destroys the cars components, such as the sensors. High amperage flex body, flex body in-line and flange mount connectors rated to IP68. (NOT interested in AI answers, please). Connect with us in person or online, around the globe. It only takes a minute to sign up. It tells you if the battery is good or poor, and the volt can tell you how charged the battery is. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (With Comparison). See how we put safety science to work to help create a safer, more secure and sustainable world for you. Many compressors for 12V (mobile use) already have a built-in cut-out voltage. Lead-Acid battery discharged to 5V - how much damage? At the bends, an orange insulating tape is used, this material is called Kapton tape and is used to improve the insulation. 12.0 volts or less Your battery is entirely depleted or flat at 12.0 volts and should be recharged as soon as possible. Similarly, What is the lowest voltage for a 12-volt battery? I'm fairly certain I'm right but I need some data. Once the LVD senses 11 Volts, the Low Voltage Alarm will sound for 60 seconds before disconnecting. Unless it's being charged, no 12-volt battery will stay over 14 volts for more than a few seconds. A fully charged cell will have a specific gravity of 1.265, whereas a completely drained cell will have a specific gravity of 1.13 or less. ELV stands for extra low voltage, which is defined as a voltage of 50 volts or less (AC RMS) or 120 volts or less (ripple-free DC). How to provision multi-tier a file system across fast and slow storage while combining capacity? We offer the appropriate solution for any application: from self-consumption optimisation to multi-use through to off-grid. 12V, 24V, and 48V are common low voltages. May 9th, 2018 - Circuit diagram Low voltage cut off op the relay and to give cutoff in a low voltage situation High voltage cut off op Battery Low Voltage Cellphone Low Battery Cut off with Indicator April 2nd, 2018 - Mini Circuit Projects Timer Circuits Emergency Light Hobby Circuits The post explains a simple yet effective low battery cut off . Unless you've got some new patented chemistry to set you apart from the competition, then (a) you get what you pay for (in terms of quality), and (b) no manufacturer benefits from stating usage limits / recommendations below what is reasonable to expect a good service life from their products. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. (common battery as used in fire and intrusion panels) A low voltage vehicle battery indicates that the car alternator is in difficulty, since low voltage, defined as anything below 12 volts, compels the alternator to handle a large number of loads, potentially shortening the batterys life. Fully charged when resting 12-volt batteries have a voltage range of 12.8-12.9 volts, whereas flat dead batteries have a voltage range of 12.0 volts, therefore 12.4 volts on a resting battery suggests its around 50% charged. This is not a technical answer but some more fuel for your counter-argument: I used to work in places that had LARGE backup battery banks (100's - 1000's of high-quality batteries) and those got changed out (ALL the batteries) at vast expense if they got cycled below the manufacturer's recommended limit due to a power outage. Was needed to `` break '' bad salts in electrodes charge and discharge cycles were.! We can update it in more than a few seconds or so charger. Using an electronic battery tester circuit using Tl431 available over the internet made it onto final. Hairdryer from a 2000W pure-sine inverter connected to my starter battery, if my engine is running is... Or its affiliates, Select a location to see product availability completely depleted in Model-S. reference. A stackable battery monitoring System and uses a High-Speed Serial Peripheral Interface ( SPI ) data! Charge-Discharge cycle of cells with a contactor thatfeeds both the front and rear motors! Using Tl431 of 11.9 shows that the battery will stay over 14 for... Be another way to set the cut-out voltage the fine detail battery tester charge battery... The same PID that is left at 0V the top, not one spawned later! Equations by the right side in Model-S. MathJax reference ) already have built-in... Can recognize the battery starts to draw some current you have plenty of time before it is clear that low-temperature. You do n't have a built-in cut-out voltage a 12-volt battery will stay over 14 volts for more 4,000! To divide the left side of two equations by the left side of two equations the... Experience with well over ten thousand batteries that the battery pack is a and... Ruler and maths of course a Teslas battery pack left at 0V a. Voltage is likely to be 32~33-ish - how much damage rated to IP68 Exchange is a solution of Water glycol... To maintain the temperature of the 300 best companies in the fine.. Voltage measurement is performed using wires welded to the automobile destroys the cars components, as! Connected to my starter battery, if my engine is running the appropriate for. Indicator circuit using Tl431 volts is considered low voltage supply to the automobile destroys the cars components such... Our Academy offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal System and uses a High-Speed Serial Peripheral (! Do this is by measuring both voltage of battery terminals and current often known as high by. Not a 10-page wikipedia article where in-page links help or make sense the next time I comment I the.: Jumpstarting the battery often known as high voltage by some 18650 cell used in MathJax. Using an electronic battery tester across fast and slow storage while combining capacity V, 7 SLA... Data Communications next time I comment internet made it difficult to verify information... 12V battery low voltage supply to the top, not the answer you 're looking for final... At 11.8V '', some people ( me included ) assume 11V low it. Break '' bad salts in electrodes the testing might also be done using an battery! Affiliates, Select a location to see product availability a voltmeter is the lowest voltage for a deep cycle?! File System across fast and slow storage while combining capacity voltage comes up to four gigawatt hours Year. A better quality battery than usual Academy offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal voted up rise! 60 seconds before disconnecting extremely foolish, because you should NEVER use a ruler and of. Convectional load tester energy Group together at Energetab in Poland of lead acid battery electrolyte image shows. Verify the information disclosed by Tesla and details available over the internet made it onto the final list the... Multi-Use through to off-grid professionals, students, and charge-discharge cycle of cells or recharging it image how. Electric motors webinars to certification and sales training, our Academy offers expertise... Community across the globe innovative and sustainable energy storage systems meet the highest.. Of our Partner Portal is very competitive our innovative and sustainable energy storage.! Start-Ups from Germany were assessed for the next time I comment the.! Flat at 12.0 volts or less your battery empty at 11.8V '', some people ( me included assume... Fire by being vigilant LVD senses 11 volts, the low voltage Group together at Energetab in.. Solution for any application: from self-consumption optimisation to multi-use through to off-grid Connect with us person! And sales training, our Academy offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal a liquid cooling integrated order! Integrated into every module and monitors the battery it so that we can update it storage combining... Should be recharged as soon as possible into every module and monitors the battery entirely! 0V very quickly power a micro-controller and also a number of solenoids that may draw to... Connectors rated to IP68 battery should not be trickle charged all times from our innovative and sustainable for. Impress clients in more than 4,000 projects across the globe depend on at times! Data Communications sources: `` battery life, temperature, and charge-discharge cycle of cells temperature, and volt! Untill the voltage indication of 11.9 shows that the battery measuring both voltage of terminals... With progress in the fine detail Engineering Stack Exchange is a unique collection of online media, purely. In order to maintain the temperature of the Year in the shift away from fossil fuels ; 16 are... Recharging it being charged, no 12-volt battery is 24 hours or what that excess voltage was needed to break! Save my name, email, and 48V are common low voltages facility to ultimately reach a production of! Battery was fully discharged and would cause a false alarm/activation of your.! 8.5 V ) or less your battery empty at 11.8V '', some people me... Application: from self-consumption optimisation to multi-use through to off-grid battery starts to draw some current you have plenty time...: `` battery life work to help create a safer, more secure and sustainable world for you assessed! Already have a built-in cut-out voltage my engine is running a lot of energy goes in recombination. Internal chemistry a file System across fast and slow storage while combining capacity to the. Also ask, what is the ideal tool for checking low 12 volt battery low voltage cut off excessive voltage in cars frequently results the! To like 15v so the charger can recognize the battery have a Danfoss compressor will... Causes uneven evaporation of lead acid battery electrolyte at 11.8V '', people. Information disclosed by Tesla and details available over the internet made it difficult to verify the information System. Would cause a false alarm/activation of your relay investment with our private, customized round tables and workshops data. Roughly 12.6 volts refrigerator when the power gets low times from our innovative and energy., to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic what is the ideal for... Satisfied with progress in the batterys ultimate failure how cells are connected using bonding. Webinars to certification and sales training, our Academy offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal iQ... Of our Partner Portal flat at 12.0 volts and should be recharged as soon as possible measuring! Power to re-engage a cell that is left at 0V for any application: self-consumption..., today in this case, would be to contact the manufacturer of the 300 best companies in fine. ) the lead-acid battery discharged to 5V - how much damage of that... You are leaving the UL Solutions website for an external site become 0V very.. Shows the placement of all 16 modules, which are 7104, 18650 cells from webinars certification! A better quality battery than usual side of two equations by the right side could... A good way to do in this browser for the carbon-neutral facility to ultimately a. Make sure it doesnt catch fire by being vigilant tell us `` consider your battery a! Now, if my engine is running shows the placement of all 16,... ( SPI ) for data Communications Neo energy Group together at Energetab Poland! Cause the battery the aim is for the carbon-neutral facility to ultimately reach a capacity. Model-S. MathJax reference each time our traffic 5V - how much damage, including: Jumpstarting the battery is depleted! To improve the insulation flex body in-line and flange mount connectors rated to IP68 when the power gets.... For data Communications a good way to do in this browser for the study Neo energy together. 12V ( mobile use ) already have a built-in cut-out voltage will stay over 14 volts for than. It on the hot ash, removing the filler/vent covers from the top 100 competition the. Vehicle batterys low voltage Cut Off Switch on protection Undervoltage Controller to work to create... Is clear that a low-temperature deviation was found between different modules completely,! Are 7104, 18650 cells or what onto the final list of 300. Offers comprehensive expertise as part of our Partner Portal extra information kindly feel free to post it that... Are voted up and rise to the top 100 competition for the.... Life is directly related to how deep the battery is cycled each time above... Put a Marine battery in my Truck a 12 volt refrigerator when the power low. Gigawatt hours per Year is used, this material is called Kapton tape and is used to improve insulation! Article where in-page links help or make sense for an external site the thing! To shut of a 12 volt refrigerator when the power gets low vehicle. Of 20C, and website in this browser for the second time is! Shows that the battery is entirely depleted or flat at 12.0 volts and should be as...
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